Elastic and Inelastic Demand free essay sample

The demand for newspaper is inelastic while the supply for newspaper is elastic in the short run. This means the quantity demanded for newspaper does not respond strongly to price changes but the quantity supplied for newspaper is responsive to price changes in the short run. (Mankiw, 2009) The demand is inelastic because newspaper has very few substitutes. Although online news is getting popular nowadays, the majority still prefer to read the papers. Besides, newspaper is a necessity which people read every day to know what happens around the world. Newspaper has a broadly defined market and it has no good substitutes. (Mankiw, 2009) The supply of newspaper is elastic because firms that produce manufactured goods such as newspapers can run their factories longer in response to a higher price. (Mankiw, 2009) From the graph, we can derive the table below: Without TaxWith TaxChange Consumer SurplusA+B+CA- (B+C) Producer SurplusD+E+FF- (D+E) Government Revenue -B+D+ (B+D) Total SurplusA+B+C+D+E+FA+B+D+F- (C+E) Consumer surplus decreases by the area B and C while producer surplus decreases by the area D and E after a tax is imposed. Both tax levied on sellers and tax levied on buyers place a same size of wedge between the price that buyers pay and the price that sellers receive (Mankiw, 2009). Regardless of how the tax is levied, buyers and sellers share the tax burden (Mankiw, 2009). Buyers pay more and sellers receive less. Meanwhile the government revenue from collecting taxes increases by the area B and D. As a result, total surplus decreases by the area C and E causing a deadweight loss. Tax has made both consumers and producers worse off and it decreases the overall welfare of society. The equilibrium quantity falls after a tax is imposed causing the market of newspaper to shrink. (300 words) Task 2 Negative consumption and production externalities are considered harmful to society. A negative externality is the adverse and uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the wellbeing of a bystander. (Mankiw, 2009) Negative consumption externalities cause a difference between private benefit and social benefit (Tutor2u, n. d. as social benefit takes into account of both the private benefit and the adverse impact of one person’s actions on the wellbeing of society. When the marginal private benefit gt; marginal social benefit, a negative consumption externality exists (Tutor2u, n. d. ). The intersection of the marginal-private-cost curve and the marginal-social-benefit curve determines the optimal output level. From the diagram, we can know that it is less than the market equilibrium quantity. This shows that the good is over-consumed. There will be a deadweight loss of economic welfare. Negative production externalities cause a difference between private cost and social cost because social cost takes into account of both the private cost and the external cost. When the marginal social cost gt; marginal private cost, a negative production externality exists (Tutor2u, n. d. ). This means that the cost to society of producing one good is larger than the cost to the producers (Tutor2u, n. d. ). The optimal output level is determined by the intersection of the marginal-private-benefit curve and the marginal-social-cost curve. It is also less than the market equilibrium quantity according to the diagram above. Again there will be a deadweight loss. Because both the negative consumption and production externalities lead markets to produce a larger quantity than is socially desirable, the markets are inefficient. Thus market failures happen as markets fail to maximize total surplus, causing deadweight losses. Therefore negative consumption and production externalities are considered harmful to society. (Mankiw, 2009) The production of rare earth will cause negative production externality to society. This is because the refinery of rare earth ore will generate radioactive waste which is seriously harmful to human beings. Recent protests in Kuantan to stop Malaysian government from letting Lynax, a giant Australian Mining Company to build the world’s largest refinery for rare earth metal in Gebeng and Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad’s recent comments about the radioactive waste in Perak have made Malaysians recall back the incident of Bukit Merah during 1980s (Mariam Mokhtar, 2011). In 1982, Asian Rare Earth (ARE) which is a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Chemical began operating its rare earth plant in Bukit Merah. ARE extracted yytrium (a rare earth) from monazite, one of the minerals found in amang for use in high technology products. Both monazite and the waste contain thorium hydroxide, which has a half-life of 13. 9 billion years. Cancer-causing radon gas is released during decay of thorium. (Mariam Mokhtar, 2011) Because of the radioactive waste, the residents of Bukit Merah suffered very serious harmful effects. Not only there is a high incidence of cancer rate, the residents suffer birth defects and leukemia. Jayabalan, a general practitioner physician and toxicologist who treated the leukemia victims, carried out a survey and proved that the number of miscarriages in the village was higher than the national average (Mariam Mokhtar, 2011). A sample test on 60 children had found that their bloodstreams contain high levels of lead (Mariam Mokhtar, 2011). According to New York Times, Lai Kwan, the former workers of ARE, has spent the last 29 years taking care of her son from her pregnancy while working in ARE’s refinery, who was born with severe mental and physical disabilities (Bradsher, 2011). The harmful effects of radioactive waste are long term. Parents of those children who were born with birth defects and leukemia have to take care of their children for the whole life time. The victims of Bukit Merah incident still suffers today. After a long-drawn battle and petition of the residents against ARE, Japanese environmentalists and politicians stepped in and persuade ARE to close the refinery in 1992. Mitsubishi Chemical agreed to fix the problem and subsequently spend $100 million to clean up the site.

The following piece of literature Essay Example For Students

The following piece of literature Essay The following piece of literature is a guide for the management of Ernest Naylor regarding the system created to model the current activities of the organisation. In addition to this, a prototype database was created that could form the basis of a full scale model to aid in the activities within the organisation which have been modeled in detail in the following report. Each stage in the modeling of the system includes a diagram for the ease of understanding of the processes involved and each diagram is accompanied by a small description summarising the activities described in the diagram. Rational Rose was used to model the system as it allows for a greater understanding of the system and is a simple method that can be easily followed to provide an in depth study of the system and its environment. Other possibilities to model the system included Structured Systems Analysis and Design. However it was felt that modeling the system using the Unified Modelling Language (UML) would be more beneficial due to its adaptability and understandability for the user. We will write a custom essay on The following piece of literature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Criticism of methods used SSADM was very successful, any methodology that attempts this degree of coordination tends to grow large and unwieldy, partly due to the need for continual checking and cross-referencing between separate models. Object Modeling Techniques (OMT), class diagram notation was incorporated into UML almost unaltered. But, unlike UML, OMT is more than a language, or set of techniques and notations. Both the OMT and Structured System Analysis and Design (SSADM), consist of similar modeling components. They both support the same views of a system: the object, functional and dynamic models. The differences between them are the emphasis and style. In SSADM, the dominating view is the functional model whereas in the UML it is the object model. OMT organises the system around the real world objects, compared to the SSADM, which organises the system around procedures. Changes in requirements cause problems for SSADM because procedure based designs do not reflect change easily, this also causes problems with extendibility to the system, whereas the OMT can accommodate the change easier and extendibility can be implemented. In Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA) the users and developers of the system are brought together, uniting them with a common vocabulary drawn from the domain. In the object-orientated approach the system is designed with the context of real world objects in mind. Object Orientated Methods including UML have evolved to help developers exploit their expressive power (Coad and Yourdon 1991) . Some of the benefits are listed below: Use cases show the functionality of the system from the users perspective. They document the scope of the system and the developers understanding of what it is that the users require. The use cases diagram shown below has three aspects of the system: actors, use cases and the system boundary. Actors represent the roles that people take on when communicating with the particular use cases in the system. One actor can represent several people or job titles. In the diagram shown below, OrderClerk is an actor and the order material is the use case. Use cases can provide a step-by-step breakdown of the interaction between the user and the system for each particular use case. Class Diagram The class diagram is derived from the use case and is developed for each use case. We know from the use case diagram that the OrderClerk is the actor for the use case order material. The use case description tells us that the clerk is responsible for ordering materials. As you can see below, class names are always written in the singular, for example, for the class name customer, it can be seen below that it is written in singular although there are many number of customers. .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35 , .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35 .postImageUrl , .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35 , .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35:hover , .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35:visited , .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35:active { border:0!important; } .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35:active , .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35 .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubf74a7adcacfe4126dd5336608cade35:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on A Dolls HouseAttributes are part of the essential description of a class. Examples of these are: Name, CompanyName and etc, for the class surveyor. They are the common structure of what a member can know. This means, a member can know the name of the surveyor and the company name too. A class is sub-divided into three compartments: the top compartment contains the class name, the second contains the attribute names and the third contains operations. Operations are the action that is carried out by an object. An example of an operation for the class diagram customer is Add New. This allows new customers to be added to the system. Interaction Diagrams 1. Complete Estimate Sequence Diagram for Surveyor: A sequence diagram shows an interaction between objects, arranged in a time sequence. Its most common use is to represent the detailed object interaction that occurs for one use or one operation. It specifies the communication patterns between the roles in collaboration.

Media essays

Media essays The case that I decided to focus on is an older abuse case, but it has recently been resolved in the courts. It is a child abuse case involving James and Bonnie Zeleski. They were both charged with abusing their infant daughter. The child was brought to the hospital with a fracture in each leg, a fracture in each arm, a thigh fracture, three broken ribs, a ripped esophagus, pneumonia, malnourished and several other cuts and bruises. The girl was transferred to an Omaha hospital. The father, James, was charged on June 3, 1998 with Class 4 Felony Child Abuse. His wife, Bonnie, was later charged and convicted of a Class 3 Felony. James was sentenced to three years probation and six months in jail. His wife was sentenced to 15 to 18 months in prison. I think that this case was fairly portrayed by the media. I know at the time, there were several letters to the editor and opinion printed on the subject, but the Grand Island Independent seemed to be fair and stick to the facts. It was a horrible crime and I think they did a good job being unbiased. I think that it is a good idea to publicize crimes like this. From my other studies, I have learned that the informal sanctions, public humiliation and shame, are far more effective than the formal sanctions in preventing crime. When people who are having a hard time dealing with being a parent see something like this in the media, they may stop to think about their actions. A good idea would be to run several articles on where parents can go to for help. The combination of the two, may help prevent this from happening to another child. As a mother I have a definite interest in this crime. I cannot even begin to understand how anyone could do something like that to someone so helpless. I am also interested in this case from the legal perspective and how the case was resolved in the court system. I personally think that the sente...

Communication and stereotypes in the film Crash Essay

Communication and stereotypes in the film Crash - Essay Example Using the example of the Johari Window model, the concepts within the film and the nature of the self can be examined. The Johari Window is based upon a four panel model in which the self is divided into the open, the hidden, the blind, and the unknown self. Each of these selves is manifested, but not all are understood by the perceived self or the public self. The window also changes as the relationship is defined between two people (West & Turner, 2011). An example of this can be seen in the character of the district attorney’s wife. On the one hand, her open self seemed very generous and warm. She presented to the world as someone who was lovely and with pure intentions. However, when examined in a different context, her hidden self was seen to be highly fearful of those of differing racial backgrounds. Her blind self most likely had no true understanding of this aspect of her personality, feeling justified when it slipped into her open self in relationship to how she commu nicated it to those with which she was intimate through the guise of a belief system that embraced stereotypical representations. Blind to her own feelings of prejudice, this was also unknown to anyone outside of her own internal self in regard to how deep these feelings were imbedded within her essential self. The district attorney was organizing a more blatant attempt in offering up spin scenarios that would preserve both the African American vote and the hard on crime vote.  Ã‚  ... Using the example of the Johari Window model, the concepts within the film and the nature of the self can be examined. The Johari Window is based upon a four panel model in which the self is divided into the open, the hidden, the blind, and the unknown self. Each of these selves is manifested, but not all are understood by the perceived self or the public self. The window also changes as the relationship is defined between two people (West & Turner, 2011). An example of this can be seen in the character of the district attorney’s wife. On the one hand, her open self seemed very generous and warm. She presented to the world as someone who was lovely and with pure intentions. However, when examined in a different context, her hidden self was seen to be highly fearful of those of differing racial backgrounds. Her blind self most likely had no true understanding of this aspect of her personality, feeling justified when it slipped into her open self in relationship to how she commu nicated it to those with which she was intimate through the guise of a belief system that embraced stereotypical representations. Blind to her own feelings of prejudice, this was also unknown to anyone outside of her own internal self in regard to how deep these feelings were imbedded within her essential self. Much of what the district attorney’s wife was doing within the many roles that she had being the wife of a semi-public figure was to utilize impression management. She tried to manage the impression that she was exhibiting in front of the two young African American men who were approaching as she and her husband were walking down the

Anger Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anger Management - Essay Example There are several factors that influence effects of anger to a person; these include race, sex, cultural and family background, and age. Anger is a two-sided emotion that may be beneficial to an individual (constructive anger) by warning of expected problems, at the same time bring harm (Peacock, Stutman and London, 2000). ADA Americans with Disabilities Act is a civil rights legislation policy that contains stipulated actions concerning the accommodation of individuals possessing any kind of disability in terms of access to judicial system, services, programs, and activities. In this scenario, John can use the ADA to assist him in the circumstances facing his employment. Both anger and emotional swings affecting John are due to the bipolar disorder, which is a mental disability. Such forms of disability are described within the ADA policy to hold ground in any given situation at the workplace, as it appears under the request for accommodation in court proceedings section of the ADA, and this section describes qualified individuals with disabilities. With the evidence from the psychiatrist concerning John’s condition, and the subsequent treatment, there is enough prove that truly John has a mental disability or disorder, which results in mood swing causing negative anger that provokes him to threaten others with violence.

Food and Beverage Services Essay Example for Free

Food and Beverage Services Essay Then the service is done a laid cover on the table. Following are the type of service come under this category: English Service: Often referred to as the Host Service because the host plays an active role in the service. Food is brought on platters by the waiter and is shown to either portions the food into the guest plates directly or portions the food and allows the waiter to serve. For replenishment of guest food the waiter may then take the dishes around for guests to help themselves or be served by the waiter. French Services: It is a very personalized service. Food is brought from the kitchen in dishes nd salvers, which are placed directly on the table. The plates are kept near the dish and the guests help themselves. Silver Service: The table is set for hors doeuvres, soup, main courses and sweet dish in sterling silverware. The food is portioned into silver platters at the kitchen itself, which are placed at the sideboard with burners or hot plates to keep the food warm in the restaurant. Plates are placed before the guest. The waiter then picks the platter from the hot plate and presents the dish to the host for approval. He serves each guest using a service spoon and fork. All food is presented in silver dishes with laborate dressing. American/Plate Service: The American service is a pre-plated service, which means that the food is served into the guests plate in the kitchen itself and brought to the guest. The kitchen predetermines the portion and the accompaniments served with the dish balance the entire presentation in terms of nutrition and color. This type of service is commonly used in a coffee shop where service is required to be fast. Russian Service: An elaborate silver service much on the lines of French service except that the food is portioned and carved by the waiter at the gueridon trolley in he restaurant in full view of the guests. Display and presentation are a major part of this service. The principle involved is to have whole Joints, poultry, game and fish elaborately dressed and garnished, presented to guests and carved and portioned by the waiter. Gueridon Service: This is a service where a dish comes partially prepared from the kitchen to be completed in the restaurant by the waiter or, when a complete meal is cooked at the tableside in the restaurant. The cooking is done on a gueridon trolley, which is a mobile trolley with a gas cylinder and burners. The waiter plays a rominent part, as he is required to fillet, carve, flamb © and prepare the food with showmanship. The waiter has to have considerable dexterity and skill. Snack-bar Service: Tall stools are placed along a counter so that the guest may eat the food at the counter itself. In better establishments, the covers are laid out on the counter its

The Dystopia of William Gibsons Neuromancer Essay -- Neuromancer Essa

The Dystopia of the Neuromancer The Neuromancer is a world of darkness, where the society is slowly becoming corrupted. There is violence, excessive drug use, and lack of individuality, which portray this world as a disturbed and inhumaine society. The Neuromancer is an experiment to see how the society would react if the world was taken over by computers, and everyone were only concerned about themselves and their survival. Unfortunately, it is only a test, which ended up blowing up in their faces. The dystopia of the Neuromancer casts a dark shadow, which destroys the living. The violence in the Neuromancer is insaine. Constantly, there is someone dead, injured, or running away from someone else. Survival is the key element in living in this type of society. No one has time to think about others, because they are running for their own life. This is the worst society to be involved with. There are guns, knives, blood everywhere, and people crying out for help. The Neuromancer is a world of poverty, and where there is poverty, crime usually occurs. For instance, Case spend the night in a "Cheap Hotel"(19), which he implied was "the most expensive place he ever stayed in. When poverty gets to the point where something cheap is luxury, there is a problem. Case had to sleep in a coffin, a dead man's bed. It is as if he is dying inside that the society around him has gotten to this point of destruction. The "black clinic",(14) where surgery was performed to prolong the lives of humans by means of computers, litterally ripped out the human soul and replaced it w ith a machine. The human being has died, and only a machine was left to live. That is the reason Case sleeps in a coffin. His soul has died and computers have... ...o critically think. The same with this artificial intelligence. These people do their duty and move on. When the society becomes this passionless, it becomes dark and dystopic. Toward the end of the novel, the dystopia has increased. While performing surgery, the doctor took away his ability to get high off of drugs, in order to help him work better. However, now he has no escape method, because the one thing that helped him get his mind off of what is going on has been taken away from him. This artificial intelligence agency has gone too far. They control every aspect of his life. This is where dystopia is at its peak! When a world becomes the slave to cyberspace, there is a problem. No computer has the right to control human mind. Whether it is for work reason or social reasons, humans must be left to decide on their own rather than computers deciding for them.